What is External Conflict? A Writer's Guide

In narrative composition, conflict serves as the engine of plot, propelling characters through challenges that reveal their nature and drive the storyline forward; the understanding of its various forms is therefore critical for effective storytelling. The Society of Authors, as an organization, supports writers in developing these storytelling skills through workshops and resources, focusing on crafting narratives where opposition is palpable and consequential. Dramatica Pro, a story development software, offers tools to analyze the structural elements of a story, including delineating between internal and external struggles that characters face. A central question in narrative theory, then, considers what is external conflict mean, especially when contrasted with the internal struggles elucidated by Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theories, which often inform character motivations.

Conflict, in its essence, is the driving force behind every compelling narrative. It is the fulcrum upon which stories balance, the catalyst that ignites action, and the crucible in which characters are forged. Without conflict, a story stagnates, lacking the tension and momentum necessary to captivate an audience.

Internal vs. External Conflict: A Crucial Distinction

While conflict, in general, powers storytelling, it manifests in two primary forms: internal and external. Internal conflict resides within a character, a psychological or emotional battle that shapes their decisions and actions.

External conflict, on the other hand, positions a character against forces outside themselves. These opposing forces can range from other individuals to broader societal structures. Understanding the distinction is critical for crafting nuanced and engaging narratives.

Exploring the Realm of External Conflict

This exploration will focus primarily on external conflict, the clash between a character and external forces.

These forces might include other characters (Character vs. Character), the unforgiving power of the natural world (Character vs. Nature), the constraints of societal norms (Character vs. Society), the double-edged sword of technological advancement (Character vs. Technology), the terrifying unknown of the supernatural (Character vs. Supernatural), or the seemingly inevitable hand of fate (Character vs. Fate).

These multifaceted confrontations drive the plot, test the resilience of characters, and expose the core themes of a story.

The Objective: Mastering External Conflict

The purpose of this discussion is to delve into the various types of external conflict, examining their unique characteristics and narrative potential. We will analyze how they function within a story, contributing to plot development, character growth, and overall thematic resonance.

Furthermore, we will provide practical guidance on effectively applying external conflict in your own writing, ensuring that it serves as a powerful and purposeful tool in your storytelling arsenal.

Conflict, as the cornerstone of storytelling, takes myriad forms, each contributing uniquely to the narrative tapestry. Building upon the foundational understanding of internal and external conflict, it becomes essential to dissect the specific categories of external conflict. These classifications provide a framework for analyzing how characters interact with the world around them and how those interactions shape the story's trajectory.

Decoding External Conflict: Types and Examples

External conflict, the struggle between a character and an outside force, manifests in diverse ways. These can range from direct confrontations to subtle challenges posed by nature, society, technology, the supernatural, or even destiny itself. By examining these categories and their practical examples, writers can gain a deeper understanding of their narrative potential.

Character vs. Character (Man vs. Man)

At its core, Character vs. Character conflict, often referred to as Man vs. Man, involves a direct struggle between two or more individuals. This conflict can be physical, emotional, or intellectual, driving the plot forward through opposing desires, beliefs, or goals.

Rivalries, battles, and interpersonal disagreements all fall under this umbrella. The tension arises from the characters' differing objectives and the actions they take to achieve them.

A classic example is the intellectual and moral battle between Sherlock Holmes and Professor Moriarty. Their conflict, which spans multiple stories, culminates in a dramatic confrontation that defines both characters.

Another example would be the rivalry between the Jets and Sharks in West Side Story, where the conflict is fueled by territorial disputes and cultural clashes.

Character vs. Nature (Man vs. Nature)

Character vs. Nature places the protagonist against the formidable forces of the natural world. This type of conflict highlights humanity's vulnerability and the struggle for survival against the elements.

Survival stories, narratives centered around natural disasters, and tales of journeys through harsh environments exemplify this type of conflict. The challenge lies in overcoming the obstacles presented by the natural world and enduring its trials.

Ernest Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea is a prime example, depicting an aging fisherman's relentless battle with a giant marlin and the vast ocean. The story explores themes of perseverance, resilience, and the indomitable human spirit.

The film Cast Away, starring Tom Hanks, also provides a compelling example of Character vs. Nature. The protagonist is forced to survive alone on a deserted island, battling hunger, loneliness, and the unpredictable nature of the sea.

Character vs. Society (Man vs. Society)

In Character vs. Society, the protagonist stands in opposition to societal norms, laws, or institutions. This type of conflict often explores themes of justice, freedom, and the individual's role within a larger social structure.

Rebellions, stories of social injustice, and narratives that examine the pressures of conformity all represent Character vs. Society conflicts. The character's struggle highlights the flaws and contradictions within the existing social order.

Dystopian literature frequently employs this type of conflict. George Orwell's 1984 presents a stark vision of a totalitarian society where Winston Smith rebels against the oppressive regime.

Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird portrays a lawyer, Atticus Finch, defending an innocent black man against racial prejudice in the American South, illustrating the challenges of fighting against deeply ingrained societal biases.

Character vs. Technology (Man vs. Technology)

Character vs. Technology explores the complex relationship between humanity and technological advancements. This conflict often raises ethical and existential questions about the role of technology in our lives.

Science fiction frequently utilizes this type of conflict, depicting scenarios where technology becomes a source of oppression or poses a threat to human existence.

The Terminator presents a chilling vision of a future where machines have gained sentience and are determined to eradicate humanity.

Mary Shelley's Frankenstein also represents this conflict. Victor Frankenstein, driven by ambition, creates life through scientific means, but his creation ultimately leads to destruction and despair, underscoring the dangers of unchecked technological ambition.

Character vs. Supernatural (Man vs. Supernatural)

Character vs. Supernatural involves a struggle against supernatural forces, creatures, or entities. This type of conflict often features elements of horror, fantasy, and the exploration of the unknown.

Horror and fantasy genres heavily rely on this type of conflict to create suspense, fear, and a sense of wonder. The protagonist must confront forces that defy the natural world and challenge their understanding of reality.

Stephen King's It pits a group of children against a terrifying supernatural entity that preys on their fears.

The Exorcist presents a graphic and disturbing portrayal of a young girl possessed by a demonic force, highlighting the struggle to save her soul from the clutches of evil.

Character vs. Fate (Man vs. Fate/Destiny)

Character vs. Fate explores the struggle against predetermined outcomes or unavoidable destinies. This type of conflict often examines themes of free will, determinism, and the human condition.

The protagonist is caught in a web of circumstances beyond their control, and their efforts to defy fate often lead to tragic consequences.

William Shakespeare was a master of fate-driven narratives. Romeo and Juliet depicts two lovers whose families are locked in a bitter feud, ultimately leading to their untimely deaths. Their fate is sealed by the long-standing animosity between their families.

Greek tragedies frequently explore this theme. Sophocles' Oedipus Rex tells the story of a man who unknowingly fulfills a prophecy that he would kill his father and marry his mother, highlighting the power of fate and the limitations of human agency.

Having explored the various forms external conflict can assume, it’s now time to investigate its narrative power. Conflict, in its myriad forms, serves as more than just a plot device; it is a fundamental engine that drives the narrative forward, shapes the characters, builds suspense, and defines what is at stake for the protagonist. Understanding the nuances of how conflict functions allows writers to wield it with greater intention and impact.

Unlocking Narrative Power: Functions of External Conflict

External conflict is a linchpin of effective storytelling. It's not merely about obstacles but is about how characters grapple with those obstacles. Its strategic deployment enhances various facets of a narrative, creating a richer, more engaging experience for the audience.

Plot: The Engine of Narrative Momentum

External conflict is the primary force that propels the narrative forward. Without it, stories stagnate, lacking the tension and urgency needed to capture and maintain reader interest.

Conflict introduces a problem or challenge that the protagonist must overcome, setting the story in motion. Each obstacle encountered and each battle fought contributes to the overall trajectory of the plot.

Rising Action: Escalating the Stakes

The rising action, the segment of the narrative where tension builds, is heavily dependent on the escalating nature of external conflict. As the protagonist encounters increasing challenges, the stakes rise, and the audience becomes more invested in the outcome.

Consider the escalating confrontations in a legal thriller, or the increasingly perilous obstacles in a survival story. Each conflict pushes the protagonist closer to the climax.

Climax: The Peak of Struggle

The climax represents the peak of external struggle. It is the point where the protagonist confronts the primary conflict head-on, often resulting in a decisive victory or a devastating defeat.

This moment is the culmination of all the preceding tension, and its resolution determines the fate of the protagonist and the overall direction of the story. The final battle in The Lord of the Rings is a classic example of such a climax.

Character Development: Forging Identity Through Adversity

External conflict serves as a crucible in which characters are tested, challenged, and ultimately transformed. The struggles they face reveal their true nature, forcing them to confront their limitations and discover their hidden strengths.

The choices a character makes in the face of adversity define their character, and the impact of those choices resonates throughout the narrative.

The Protagonist's Transformative Journey

The protagonist's journey is often defined by the external conflicts they overcome. Under duress, they evolve, learning valuable lessons and undergoing significant personal growth.

A timid character may find courage, a selfish character may learn empathy, and a naive character may gain wisdom through their experiences. This transformation is often the heart of the story.

The Antagonist's Impact and Motivations

The antagonist, the source of much of the external conflict, plays a crucial role in shaping the protagonist's journey. Their motivations, whether driven by malice, ambition, or a distorted sense of justice, drive the narrative forward.

Understanding the antagonist's perspective adds depth and complexity to the conflict, making the story more compelling.

Suspense: Weaving Anticipation and Uncertainty

External conflict is a powerful tool for creating suspense and keeping the audience on the edge of their seats. By strategically withholding information, introducing unexpected obstacles, and raising the stakes, writers can generate a sense of anticipation and uncertainty that grips the reader.

Conflict heightens the emotional investment of the reader in the story.

Cliffhangers and Near Misses

Cliffhangers, those moments of extreme tension left unresolved at the end of a chapter or scene, are a prime example of how external conflict can be used to maintain suspense. Near misses, where the protagonist narrowly avoids disaster, also contribute to this effect.

These techniques leave the audience eager to know what happens next, compelling them to continue reading or watching.

Stakes: Defining What's on the Line

External conflict defines what the protagonist stands to gain or lose. It clarifies the stakes of the story, providing the audience with a clear understanding of the consequences of success or failure.

These stakes can be tangible, such as wealth or power, or intangible, such as love, freedom, or justice. The higher the stakes, the more invested the audience will be.

Clarity is Key

It is crucial for the writer to clearly articulate the stakes to the audience. The audience needs to understand what the protagonist is fighting for and what they risk losing. This understanding is essential for creating emotional resonance and ensuring that the audience remains engaged throughout the narrative.

The clearer the stakes, the more the audience can connect with the characters. The writer should clarify the stakes early in the story, and remind the audience throughout, to maintain high engagement.

Genre Spotlight: External Conflict in Action

The manifestation of external conflict is remarkably diverse across literary and cinematic genres. Its application shifts and adapts based on the unique conventions of each genre, reflecting audience expectations and thematic priorities. Understanding these genre-specific nuances allows writers to strategically employ external conflict for maximum impact.

Action: Primacy of External Threats

Action narratives are characterized by the primacy of external conflict in propelling the story forward. The protagonist faces a relentless barrage of physical challenges, dangerous adversaries, and ticking-clock scenarios.

The focus is on high-stakes confrontations, daring escapes, and the protagonist's physical prowess in overcoming seemingly insurmountable odds. The success of an action story rests on the intensity and believability of these external threats.

Adventure: Character vs. Nature and Character vs. Character

Adventure stories often center on the conflict between character and nature, or character and character. The vast and untamed wilderness presents constant challenges, demanding resilience, resourcefulness, and a deep understanding of the natural world.

Simultaneously, rivalries, betrayals, and clashes of ambition frequently drive the interpersonal conflicts within adventure narratives. The convergence of these external forces creates a compelling and perilous journey for the protagonist.

Thriller: Suspenseful External Pressures

In the thriller genre, suspenseful external conflict serves as the lifeblood of plot momentum. The protagonist is often pitted against a cunning and relentless antagonist, facing a series of escalating threats and intricate puzzles.

The writer carefully constructs a web of deception, danger, and uncertainty, keeping the audience on the edge of their seats as the protagonist races against time to unravel the mystery and survive the ordeal.

Horror: External Conflict and the Instillation of Fear

External conflict in horror narratives is primarily designed to instill fear and tension in the audience. The protagonist is confronted with malevolent forces, supernatural entities, or monstrous beings that defy explanation and threaten their physical and psychological well-being.

The use of jump scares, psychological manipulation, and graphic imagery serves to heighten the sense of dread and vulnerability, creating an atmosphere of palpable terror. Horror often uses external conflict to mirror internal fears.

War Stories: Interpersonal and Intergroup Discord

War stories, by their very nature, emphasize interpersonal and intergroup external conflict. The battlefield becomes a crucible where soldiers face not only the enemy but also the moral and psychological challenges of combat.

Conflicts arise from differing ideologies, power struggles, and the sheer brutality of war. These stories explore the complex dynamics of human behavior under extreme pressure, highlighting the devastating consequences of violence and the enduring power of the human spirit.

Epic Scope: Tolkien's Battle Between Good and Evil

J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings provides a quintessential example of expansive external conflicts between good and evil. The fate of Middle-earth hangs in the balance as the forces of light clash with the encroaching darkness of Mordor.

This epic struggle encompasses vast armies, mythical creatures, and the unwavering determination of a small fellowship to overcome overwhelming odds. The sheer scale and moral weight of the external conflict elevate the narrative to legendary status.

Societal Commentary: Suzanne Collins and the Arena of Conflict

Suzanne Collins' The Hunger Games masterfully showcases both character vs. character and character vs. society conflicts. The brutal arena where tributes are forced to fight to the death embodies the former, while the oppressive Capitol and its exploitative control over the districts represents the latter.

Katniss Everdeen's rebellion against the Capitol ignites a spark of hope and resistance among the oppressed, transforming a personal struggle for survival into a broader fight for freedom and justice. In this way, Collins presents a critical perspective on governance and morality.

Case Studies: External Conflict in Masterpieces

To fully appreciate the power and versatility of external conflict, it is essential to examine its application in renowned literary works. These case studies will dissect the intricate ways in which external forces shape narratives, drive character development, and ultimately define the thematic core of each story. By analyzing these examples, we can gain a deeper understanding of how to effectively utilize external conflict in our own writing.

The Lord of the Rings: A Symphony of External Threats

J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings presents a sprawling canvas of external conflict, most notably the epic clash between the forces of good and evil. Sauron's relentless pursuit of the One Ring and his dominion over Middle-earth sets in motion a chain of events that tests the courage and resilience of all who oppose him.

The Fellowship's arduous journey to Mordor is fraught with peril, from encounters with Orcs and Ringwraiths to the treacherous landscapes they must traverse. This constant barrage of external threats not only propels the plot forward but also reveals the inner strength and unwavering commitment of the protagonists. The fate of Middle-earth hangs precariously in the balance, making the stakes palpably high.

The Hunger Games: Societal Oppression and Personal Rebellion

Suzanne Collins' The Hunger Games masterfully interweaves character vs. character and character vs. society conflicts. The Hunger Games themselves, a brutal spectacle in which children are forced to fight to the death, represent the ultimate manifestation of external conflict.

Katniss Everdeen's participation in the Games forces her to confront not only the other tributes but also the oppressive regime of the Capitol. This societal conflict fuels the narrative's underlying themes of injustice, rebellion, and the human spirit's capacity for resistance. Katniss's defiance becomes a symbol of hope for the downtrodden districts, transforming a personal struggle into a broader fight for freedom and equality.

1984: The Individual Against the Totalitarian State

George Orwell's 1984 is a chilling portrayal of a totalitarian society where the individual is relentlessly crushed under the weight of state control. Winston Smith's struggle against the Party represents a classic example of character vs. society.

The Party's omnipresent surveillance, thought control, and manipulation of history create an atmosphere of constant fear and oppression. Winston's attempts to rebel, however small, are met with swift and brutal punishment, illustrating the immense power of the state and the fragility of individual freedom. The novel serves as a stark warning about the dangers of unchecked authority and the importance of safeguarding individual liberties.

The Old Man and the Sea: Man Versus the Indomitable Force of Nature

Ernest Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea offers a stark and powerful depiction of character vs. nature. Santiago, an aging Cuban fisherman, embarks on a solitary journey to catch a giant marlin, facing a relentless battle against the sea, the elements, and his own physical limitations.

The marlin itself becomes a symbol of the unyielding forces of nature, challenging Santiago's skills, endurance, and determination. Despite his eventual success in catching the fish, sharks devour it on his return journey, leaving him with nothing but the skeleton. This seemingly tragic outcome underscores the inevitability of nature's power and the enduring spirit of those who dare to confront it.

It: Confronting a Shapeshifting Evil

Stephen King's It plunges readers into a nightmarish world where a group of children must confront a terrifying, shapeshifting entity that preys on their fears. The children's battle against It is a prime example of character vs. supernatural conflict.

It exploits the children's deepest anxieties, transforming into their worst nightmares to torment and terrorize them. Their struggle to overcome their fears and unite against It highlights the power of friendship, resilience, and the ability to confront and conquer even the most terrifying of evils. The novel also explores the cyclical nature of evil and the importance of remembering and learning from the past.

The Shining: Isolation and the Supernatural Collide

Stephen King's The Shining blends elements of character vs. character, character vs. self, and character vs. supernatural. Jack Torrance's descent into madness while serving as the winter caretaker of the Overlook Hotel is fueled by isolation, alcoholism, and the malevolent forces that permeate the building.

The Overlook Hotel itself becomes a character in its own right, exerting a sinister influence on Jack's psyche and driving him to commit horrific acts. The external forces of the hotel amplify his internal struggles, creating a terrifying spiral of violence and despair. The novel explores themes of isolation, addiction, and the destructive power of the past.

Murder on the Orient Express: Unmasking the Collective Killer

Agatha Christie's Murder on the Orient Express presents a unique twist on character vs. character conflict, as the renowned detective Hercule Poirot investigates a murder committed by a group of conspirators. The external conflict here lies not in a single confrontation, but in the intricate web of deception and hidden motives that Poirot must unravel.

Each suspect has a compelling reason to want the victim dead, and Poirot must carefully examine their alibis, relationships, and secrets to uncover the truth. The collective nature of the crime raises complex moral questions about justice, revenge, and the lengths to which people will go to protect their own.

Crafting Compelling Conflict: A Writer's Toolkit

Effective external conflict is not merely about throwing obstacles at your characters. It is about strategically deploying challenges that resonate with the story's core themes, drive the plot forward, and reveal the depths of your characters' nature. A well-crafted external conflict can transform a mundane narrative into a gripping and unforgettable experience for the reader.

Building Believable and Engaging External Conflict

Credibility is paramount when constructing external conflict. Readers must believe in the possibility, if not the probability, of the challenges your characters face. If the conflict feels contrived or arbitrary, it can shatter the reader's immersion and weaken the overall impact of the story.

Grounding Conflict in Reality

Even fantastical conflicts should have a basis in believable human motivations, natural laws (or internally consistent deviations from them), or societal structures. Consider the internal logic of your fictional world and ensure that the external conflicts arise organically from those established rules.

Raising the Stakes Incrementally

A common mistake is to introduce the highest level of conflict too early. Instead, gradually escalate the stakes, allowing the tension to build steadily. This approach keeps the reader engaged and invested in the outcome.

Start with minor obstacles and progressively increase the severity and complexity of the challenges.

Avoiding Deus Ex Machina

Be wary of resolving conflicts with convenient, unearned solutions. Avoid introducing unforeseen elements that magically resolve the characters' problems. Such resolutions can feel anticlimactic and undermine the sense of agency and struggle that makes a story compelling. Let the characters earn their victories (or suffer believable defeats) through their actions and decisions.

Driving the Plot Forward with External Conflict

External conflict serves as the engine that propels the narrative forward. Without it, stories stagnate, lacking the necessary tension and momentum to maintain reader interest.

Establishing Clear Goals and Obstacles

The protagonist must have a clear goal, and the external conflict should present a significant obstacle to achieving that goal. This creates immediate tension and provides a framework for the plot to unfold. The nature of the obstacle, whether it's a rival character, a natural disaster, or a societal injustice, will dictate the type of conflict and the challenges the protagonist must overcome.

Using Conflict to Create Turning Points

External conflict can be strategically used to create pivotal turning points in the narrative. A major confrontation, a devastating loss, or a surprising betrayal can shift the direction of the story and force the protagonist to adapt and evolve. These turning points should be impactful and have lasting consequences for the characters and the plot.

Structuring Conflict for Maximum Impact

Consider using established plot structures (such as the Freytag Pyramid) to strategically place external conflicts at key moments in the narrative. The rising action should be a series of escalating conflicts, leading to a climactic confrontation that determines the fate of the protagonist and the resolution of the story.

Revealing Character Through External Conflict

External conflict is not just about plot; it is also a powerful tool for character development. How a character responds to external challenges reveals their true nature, values, and motivations. It is in the crucible of conflict that characters are truly tested and defined.

Testing the Protagonist's Strengths and Weaknesses

Put your protagonist in situations that challenge their physical, emotional, and moral limits. Observe how they react under pressure, what choices they make, and what sacrifices they are willing to endure. Their responses will reveal their strengths, weaknesses, and the core values that drive their actions.

Exposing the Antagonist's Motivations

The antagonist's actions in creating or exacerbating the external conflict should provide insight into their motivations, beliefs, and goals. What drives them to oppose the protagonist? What are they willing to do to achieve their aims? The answers to these questions will help to create a compelling and believable antagonist.

Creating Opportunities for Growth and Change

External conflict can force characters to confront their flaws, question their beliefs, and ultimately grow and change as a result of their experiences. The transformative journey of the protagonist is often driven by the challenges they face and the lessons they learn in the process of overcoming external obstacles.

By carefully considering these elements, writers can craft external conflicts that are not only believable and engaging but also deeply integral to the plot and character development of their stories. External conflict is the engine that drives the narrative, the crucible that forges character, and the lens through which the story's themes are explored.

So, that's the lowdown on what external conflict means in storytelling. Now go forth and pit your characters against the world, other people, or even just bad luck! Just remember to keep it meaningful and connected to their inner journey, and you'll have readers on the edge of their seats. Happy writing!