How to Remove an Element from an Array in Java

Published on 05 May 2025

in Explanation

20 minutes on read

Java arrays, integral components in software development, are fixed-size data structures, thus lacking a built-in method for direct element removal, which contrasts with more flexible data structures such as ArrayLists offered by Oracle. Developers often face the task of "how to remove an element from an array in java" when manipulating datasets in applications ranging from simple utilities to complex enterprise systems. Common strategies involve using System.arraycopy for creating a new array without the element or employing Java Streams, a feature popularized since Java 8, to filter out unwanted elements efficiently. Alternatives like Apache Commons Lang library provide utility methods such as ArrayUtils.remove() to simplify array manipulation tasks, offering a practical solution for developers.

Understanding Element Removal from Java Arrays: Challenges and Considerations

Arrays are a foundational data structure in Java, serving as ordered collections of elements of the same type. They provide direct access to elements via their index, making them efficient for many operations. However, their fixed-size nature introduces unique challenges, particularly when it comes to "removing" elements.

Defining Arrays in Java

In Java, an array is a container object that holds a fixed number of values of a single type.

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This fixed-size characteristic is paramount.

Arrays are allocated contiguously in memory, which allows for fast access to any element given its index. This makes arrays suitable for situations where data is accessed randomly and performance is critical.

However, this design inherently limits the ability to dynamically resize or remove elements in place.

The Importance of Efficient Element Removal

While arrays themselves don't have a built-in "remove" function, the need to effectively manage data within arrays arises frequently in software development.

Consider scenarios like filtering data based on specific criteria, updating inventory levels, or processing datasets where certain entries need to be excluded.

In these cases, the efficiency with which elements are removed—or rather, bypassed or replaced—can have a significant impact on the overall performance of an application, especially when dealing with large datasets.

Optimizing this process can reduce execution time and resource consumption.

Constraints Imposed by Arrays

The core challenge with "removing" elements from a Java array stems from its fixed-size nature. You cannot directly reduce the size of an existing array after it has been created.

Instead, simulating element removal typically involves creating a new array with the desired elements or overwriting elements within the existing array to effectively "remove" them from consideration.

These approaches introduce constraints that developers must carefully consider:

Memory Overhead: Creating a new array requires allocating additional memory.
Performance Considerations: Copying elements from the original array to a new one, or shifting elements within the existing array, can be computationally expensive, especially for large arrays.
Code Complexity: Implementing these techniques often requires careful index management and loop control to avoid errors and ensure correct results.

These constraints necessitate a thorough understanding of different strategies for manipulating arrays, along with a critical evaluation of their trade-offs in different situations. The subsequent sections will delve into these strategies, exploring methods to work around the limitations of fixed-size arrays and introduce alternative data structures that offer more flexibility for element removal.

Core Concepts: Manipulating Arrays in Java

Before diving into the techniques for simulating element removal, a solid understanding of fundamental array concepts is crucial. These concepts form the building blocks for effectively manipulating arrays in Java.

Mastering array indices, iteration techniques, and the concept of array length will empower you to implement element removal strategies with confidence and clarity.

Understanding Array Indices

Arrays in Java are zero-indexed, meaning the first element resides at index 0, the second at index 1, and so on. This is a crucial concept to grasp, as incorrect index usage is a common source of errors.

To access an element at a specific position within the array, you use the square bracket notation: `arrayName[index]`. For instance, `myArray[3]` retrieves the element at the fourth position in the array `myArray`.

Attempting to access an element at an index that is out of bounds (i.e., less than 0 or greater than or equal to the array's length) will result in an `ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException`.

Knowing how to correctly access and manipulate array elements via their indices is essential for all array operations, including the simulation of element removal.

Iteration: Looping Through Arrays

Iteration is the process of systematically visiting each element in an array. This is typically achieved using loop constructs like `for` and `while` loops. Both offer distinct approaches to traversing an array.

The Power of `for` Loops

The `for` loop is a powerful and concise way to iterate over an array when the number of iterations is known in advance (which is usually the case with arrays). The general structure is:

for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
    // Access array elements using array[i]
}

The loop consists of three parts: initialization (`int i = 0`), condition (`i < array.length`), and increment (`i++`). The loop continues as long as the condition is true.

Inside the loop body, you can access each element of the array using the index `i`. This makes `for` loops ideal for performing operations on each element in a sequential manner.

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Versatility with `while` Loops

The `while` loop provides more flexibility, allowing you to iterate based on a specific condition rather than a fixed number of times. This is useful when the stopping point depends on the array's contents.

int i = 0;
while (i < array.length) {
    // Access array elements using array[i]
    i++;
}

In this example, the loop continues as long as `i` is less than the array's length. While `while` loops offer greater control, it's important to ensure the loop condition eventually becomes false to avoid infinite loops.

For array processing, `for` loops are generally preferred due to their structure, promoting clarity when iterating from start to end of an array.

Understanding Array Length

Accessing Array Length

In Java, you can determine the size of an array using the `.length` property. This property returns the total number of elements the array can hold. It's important to note that `.length` is a property, not a method, so you don't use parentheses after it.

int[] myArray = new int[5];
int arraySize = myArray.length; // arraySize will be 5

The array's length is immutable; once the array is created, its length cannot be changed. This is the fundamental constraint that makes element removal a challenge.

Implications for Simulating Removal

When simulating the removal of an element, the `.length` property doesn't change. The array still occupies the same memory space and has the same capacity. Instead, you're logically reducing the number of elements you consider to be "valid" or "active".

This often involves creating a new array with the desired length (one less than the original if you're removing a single element) and copying the relevant elements to the new array. Or, you may choose to keep the same array and use a separate variable to track the "logical size" of the array after the simulated removal.

Therefore, the array length represents the allocated space, while the "logical length" represents the portion of the array actively used after simulating removal.

Leveraging `System.arraycopy()` for "Removal"

Since Java arrays are fixed-size, direct element removal isn't possible. Instead, we simulate removal. A common technique to achieve this involves the `System.arraycopy()` method. This method efficiently copies a block of data from one array to another. Thus, it effectively overwrites elements and gives the illusion of removal. By shifting subsequent elements to "fill" the gap, we achieve a logical removal.

This approach doesn't physically resize the array. However, it allows us to treat the array as if an element has been removed, by maintaining the integrity of the remaining data.

Understanding `System.arraycopy()` Syntax and Parameters

The `System.arraycopy()` method is a native Java method, offering optimized performance for array manipulation. Its syntax is as follows:

System.arraycopy(Object src, int srcPos, Object dest, int destPos, int length);

Let's break down each parameter:

`src`: This is the source array from which the elements will be copied.
`srcPos`: This is the starting index within the source array where the copying will begin.
`dest`: This is the destination array where the elements will be copied to.
`destPos`: This is the starting index within the destination array where the copying will begin.
`length`: This specifies the number of elements to be copied from the source array to the destination array.

It's crucial to ensure that `srcPos + length` doesn't exceed the bounds of the source array, and `destPos + length` doesn't exceed the bounds of the destination array. Violating these conditions will result in an `ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException`.

Efficient Copying with `System.arraycopy()`

`System.arraycopy()` provides an efficient way to copy contiguous blocks of memory within arrays. When simulating element removal, we leverage this efficiency to shift elements after the "removed" element. This overwrites the target element and subsequent values with the succeeding block.

The key to simulating removal lies in carefully calculating the `srcPos`, `destPos`, and `length` parameters.

For example, if we want to "remove" the element at index `i`, we copy the elements from `i + 1` to the end of the array to the position starting at index `i`. This effectively overwrites the element at `i` and shifts all subsequent elements one position to the left.

Example Implementation: Simulating Element Removal

Let's illustrate with a step-by-step code example:

public class ArrayRemoval { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] myArray = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60}; int indexToRemove = 2; // Let's remove the element at index 2 (value 30)

    // Check if the index is valid
    if (indexToRemove &lt; 0 || indexToRemove &gt;= myArray.length) {
        System.out.println("Invalid index for removal.");
        return;
    }

    // Calculate the number of elements to shift
    int numElementsToShift = myArray.length - indexToRemove - 1;

    // Use System.arraycopy() to shift elements
    if (numElementsToShift &gt; 0) {
        System.arraycopy(myArray, indexToRemove + 1, myArray, indexToRemove, numElementsToShift);
    }

    // "Remove" the last element by setting it to a default value (optional)
    myArray[myArray.length - 1] = 0; // Or any other default value

    // Print the modified array
    System.out.print("Array after removal: ");
    for (int i = 0; i &lt; myArray.length; i++) {
        System.out.print(myArray[i] + " ");
    }
    System.out.println();
}

}

In this example:

We initialize an array `myArray` with some integer values.
We define `indexToRemove` as the index of the element we want to simulate removing.
We calculate `numElementsToShift`, which represents the number of elements that need to be shifted to the left to overwrite the element at `indexToRemove`.
We then use `System.arraycopy()` to copy `numElementsToShift` elements from `indexToRemove + 1` to `indexToRemove`.
Finally, since we've shifted elements to the left, the last element in the array is now a duplicate of the second-to-last element. While not a true removal, the code sets the value of the final element to a default value (0 in this case) to indicate it's no longer part of the "active" data. This is optional but helps visually represent the simulated removal.

This simulation effectively overwrites the element at the specified index and shifts subsequent elements, achieving the desired "removal" effect without changing the physical size of the array.

Important consideration: you also have the option of creating a new array and copying only the elements you want to retain in it. That is a valid approach as well.

Alternative Data Structures: When Arrays Aren't Enough

While the System.arraycopy() method provides a way to simulate element removal in Java arrays, it's crucial to acknowledge the limitations of arrays themselves. The fixed-size nature of arrays often makes them unsuitable for scenarios involving frequent additions or removals of elements. In such cases, alternative data structures offer superior flexibility and performance. Let's examine some of these alternatives.

`ArrayList`: Dynamic Arrays for Enhanced Flexibility

The ArrayList class in Java's Collections Framework provides a dynamic array implementation. Unlike traditional arrays, ArrayList automatically resizes itself as elements are added or removed.

ArrayList maintains an internal array. When the array becomes full, ArrayList creates a new, larger array and copies the existing elements into it. This automatic resizing simplifies the process of managing collections where the size is not known in advance or changes frequently.

Element Removal with `ArrayList`

Removing elements from an ArrayList is straightforward. The remove() method efficiently removes an element at a specified index, shifting subsequent elements to fill the gap. This is a significant advantage over the manual shifting required with System.arraycopy() on standard arrays.

For example, myList.remove(2) will remove the element at index 2, automatically adjusting the size of the list.

When to Use `ArrayList`

ArrayList is well-suited for scenarios where:

You need a dynamic array that can grow or shrink as needed.
You frequently add or remove elements from the end of the list.
You require indexed access to elements.

However, be aware that inserting or removing elements from the beginning or middle of an ArrayList can be relatively slow. This is because it requires shifting subsequent elements, similar to System.arraycopy().

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`LinkedList`: Optimized for Insertion and Deletion

The LinkedList class offers a different approach to managing collections of data. It uses a doubly-linked list structure, where each element stores a reference to the next and previous elements in the list.

In contrast to arrays, LinkedList does not store elements in contiguous memory locations. Instead, elements are scattered throughout memory and linked together using references.

Element Removal with `LinkedList`

LinkedList excels at inserting or removing elements from the middle of the list. Because elements are linked together, inserting or deleting an element only requires updating the references of the surrounding elements. This operation has a time complexity of O(1) if you already have a reference to the node being removed, making it much faster than shifting elements in an array or ArrayList.

When to Use `LinkedList`

LinkedList is a good choice when:

You need to frequently insert or remove elements from the middle of the list.
You don't need to access elements by index frequently (LinkedList has O(n) time complexity for indexed access).

Compared to ArrayList, LinkedList typically uses more memory because of the overhead of storing the references to the next and previous elements.

`java.util.Arrays`: Utility Class for Array Operations

The java.util.Arrays class provides a collection of utility methods for working with arrays. While it doesn't directly offer element removal, it provides tools that can be used to create modified copies of arrays.

Overview of `java.util.Arrays`

java.util.Arrays includes methods for sorting, searching, filling, and comparing arrays. These methods can simplify common array manipulation tasks.

Relevant Methods for "Removal"

The copyOf() method is particularly useful for simulating element removal. It creates a new array with a specified length, copying elements from the original array. By carefully choosing the length and the range of elements to copy, you can effectively create a new array without the element you want to "remove".

For example, to remove the element at index `i`, you could copy the elements from `0` to `i-1` and then from `i+1` to the end of the array into a new array.

While this approach doesn't modify the original array, it provides a way to create a new array with the desired elements, which may be preferable in some situations, especially when immutability is desired.

Advanced Considerations: Efficiency, Immutability, and Error Handling

Removing elements from Java arrays efficiently requires careful consideration of several factors, including the chosen method, the size of the array, and the desired level of mutability. Furthermore, robust error handling is paramount to prevent unexpected application behavior.

Efficiency: Analyzing Removal Techniques

The efficiency of element removal varies significantly depending on the method employed. Each technique has its own time complexity and practical performance implications.

Comparing Methods: Time Complexity and Performance

System.arraycopy(), while a common approach, involves shifting elements after the removal point, resulting in a time complexity of O(n), where n is the number of elements after the removed element. This can become a bottleneck for large arrays and frequent removals.

Creating a new array and copying only the desired elements also has a time complexity of O(n), as it requires iterating through the original array. However, it avoids modifying the original array in place.

ArrayList, with its remove() method, offers a more convenient solution. However, similar to System.arraycopy(), it also involves shifting elements, leading to O(n) complexity in the worst case (removing from the beginning).

LinkedList, on the other hand, provides O(1) time complexity for removing an element if you already have a reference to the node. However, getting the reference involves traversing the linked list which is an O(n) operation in the worst case.

Impact of Array Size

The size of the array directly affects the performance of O(n) operations. Larger arrays necessitate more element shifting, leading to increased execution time for System.arraycopy() and ArrayList.remove(). For smaller arrays, the difference might be negligible, but for arrays with thousands or millions of elements, the performance impact can be substantial. Selecting the correct data structure upfront should always be a consideration.

Immutability vs. Mutability: Balancing Performance and Data Integrity

The choice between modifying the original array (mutability) and creating a new array (immutability) involves trade-offs between performance, memory usage, and data integrity.

Modifying Original Array

Modifying the original array in place using System.arraycopy() is often the most performant approach, as it avoids the overhead of creating a new array. However, it alters the original data, which might not be desirable in all scenarios.

Creating New Arrays

Creating a new array ensures that the original array remains unchanged. This approach promotes immutability, which can simplify debugging and prevent unintended side effects, particularly in multithreaded environments.

Trade-offs

The primary trade-off is between performance and immutability. Modifying in place is faster but can lead to unexpected behavior if the original array is used elsewhere. Creating a new array is slower but preserves the original data's integrity. Memory usage is also a consideration; creating a new array requires allocating additional memory. Code clarity is also impacted; immutable operations can be easier to reason about.

Error Handling: Preventing Unexpected Behavior

Robust error handling is critical when working with arrays, especially when removing elements.

Index Out of Bounds

Attempting to access or remove an element at an invalid index will result in an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException. It is essential to validate the index before performing any removal operations. Ensure that the index is within the valid range (0 to array.length - 1).

Input Validation

Before attempting to remove an element based on user input or external data, thoroughly validate the input. Ensure that the input is of the correct type and falls within the expected range. This prevents unexpected errors and potential security vulnerabilities.

Debuggers: Essential Tools for Array Manipulation

Debuggers are invaluable for understanding the state of arrays during element removal operations. Using a debugger, developers can step through the code line by line, inspect the values of array elements, and identify the root cause of errors.

Debugging tools allow you to set breakpoints, examine variables, and trace the execution flow. This level of insight is essential for diagnosing and resolving complex issues related to array manipulation.

Practical Examples: Removing Elements in Real-World Scenarios

Abstract theoretical knowledge becomes concrete when applied to real-world scenarios. Removing elements from Java arrays is no exception. This section will delve into practical code examples that demonstrate how to remove specific elements, remove elements based on conditions, and provide performance benchmarks for different removal techniques. Understanding these examples will solidify your knowledge and empower you to apply these techniques effectively.

Removing a Specific Element

Removing a specific element from an array is a common task. The following example demonstrates this process using System.arraycopy(). This method is efficient for shifting elements, effectively "removing" the target element by overwriting it.

public class RemoveSpecificElement {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int[] originalArray = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
        int elementToRemove = 3;
        int indexToRemove = -1;

        // Find the index of the element to remove
        for (int i = 0; i < originalArray.length; i++) {
            if (originalArray[i] == elementToRemove) {
                indexToRemove = i;
                break;
            }
        }

        // If the element is not found, exit
        if (indexToRemove == -1) {
            System.out.println("Element not found in the array.");
            return;
        }

        // Create a new array with one less element
        int[] newArray = new int[originalArray.length - 1];

        // Copy elements before the index to remove
        System.arraycopy(originalArray, 0, newArray, 0, indexToRemove);

        // Copy elements after the index to remove
        System.arraycopy(originalArray, indexToRemove + 1, newArray, indexToRemove, originalArray.length - indexToRemove - 1);

        // Print the new array
        System.out.print("New array: ");
        for (int i = 0; i < newArray.length; i++) {
            System.out.print(newArray[i] + " ");
        }
    }
}

In this example, the code first identifies the index of the element to be removed. It then creates a new array one element smaller than the original. Finally, it uses System.arraycopy() to copy elements before and after the removed element into the new array. It is important to consider the case where the element to be removed doesn't exist in the array to prevent unexpected exceptions from being thrown.

Removing Elements Based on a Condition

Often, the requirement is to remove elements based on a specific condition rather than removing a single, specific element. The following code illustrates how to remove all negative numbers from an integer array. This can be achieved by creating a new array containing only the positive elements.

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class RemoveElementsBasedOnCondition {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int[] originalArray = {1, -2, 3, -4, 5, -6};

        // Use ArrayList to store positive elements dynamically
        List<Integer> positiveElements = new ArrayList<>();
        for (int element : originalArray) {
            if (element >= 0) {
                positiveElements.add(element);
            }
        }

        // Convert ArrayList to an array
        int[] newArray = new int[positiveElements.size()];
        for (int i = 0; i < positiveElements.size(); i++) {
            newArray[i] = positiveElements.get(i);
        }

        // Print the new array
        System.out.print("New array: ");
        for (int i = 0; i < newArray.length; i++) {
            System.out.print(newArray[i] + " ");
        }
    }
}

This code iterates through the original array. It checks if each element satisfies the given condition (in this case, being non-negative). If the condition is met, the element is added to an ArrayList. Finally, the ArrayList is converted back to an array. The intermediate ArrayList enables dynamic additions and removals, making it straightforward to filter elements based on conditions.

Alternative approach using `System.arraycopy()`

While the ArrayList approach is cleaner for conditional removals, one could achieve a similar result by counting the elements to be removed in advance, then using System.arraycopy() multiple times. This approach would be more verbose and error prone.

Performance Benchmarks

The performance of element removal techniques is critical, especially when working with large arrays. This section compares the execution time of System.arraycopy() and ArrayList for removing a single element from arrays of varying sizes. Performance can depend on factors such as underlying hardware, JVM implementation, and other processes running at the same time, so it is very important to run these types of benchmarks on the intended deployment environment, with appropriately representative workloads.

public class PerformanceBenchmarks {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int arraySize = 10000; // Vary this size for different tests
        int elementToRemove = arraySize / 2; // Remove element from the middle

        // System.arraycopy() benchmark
        long startTime = System.nanoTime();
        int[] originalArray1 = new int[arraySize];
        for (int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++) {
            originalArray1[i] = i;
        }
        int[] newArray1 = new int[arraySize - 1];
        System.arraycopy(originalArray1, 0, newArray1, 0, elementToRemove);
        System.arraycopy(originalArray1, elementToRemove + 1, newArray1, elementToRemove, arraySize - elementToRemove - 1);
        long endTime = System.nanoTime();
        long duration1 = endTime - startTime;
        System.out.println("System.arraycopy() duration: " + duration1 + " nanoseconds");

        // ArrayList benchmark
        startTime = System.nanoTime();
        ArrayList<Integer> arrayList = new ArrayList<>();
        for (int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++) {
            arrayList.add(i);
        }
        arrayList.remove(elementToRemove);
        endTime = System.nanoTime();
        duration1 = endTime - startTime;
        System.out.println("ArrayList remove() duration: " + duration1 + " nanoseconds");

    }
}

The above code initializes an array and an ArrayList with the same data. Then it measures the execution time for removing an element using both approaches. Varying the `arraySize` will show how the performance scales for different array sizes.

Expected results show that System.arraycopy() tends to be faster for smaller arrays due to lower overhead. However, ArrayList may perform better for very large arrays, as the internal implementation may include optimizations. Benchmarking should always be used to verify which technique is optimal for a given use case.

These practical examples provide a foundation for understanding how to remove elements from Java arrays in various scenarios. Understanding how to remove specific elements or based on certain conditions will enhance one's capacity to work with arrays efficiently and effectively. Furthermore, the importance of performance benchmarking will help to guide the right approach based on various use cases and constraints.

<h2>FAQs: Removing Elements from Java Arrays</h2>

<h3>Can you actually remove an element from a Java array directly?</h3>

No. Java arrays have a fixed size. To "remove" an element from an array in Java, you typically create a new, smaller array and copy the elements you want to keep into it, effectively excluding the element you wish to remove.

<h3>What's the most common way to remove an element from an array in Java?</h3>

The most common method involves creating a new array with a size one less than the original. Then, you iterate through the original array, copying each element *except* the one you want to remove, into the new array. This is how to remove an element from an array in java by simulating removal.

<h3>What happens to the 'empty' space left behind when I want to know how to remove an element from an array in java?</h3>

There *is* no empty space left behind. When you "remove" an element from an array in Java, you aren't actually deleting anything. Instead, you're creating a completely new, smaller array. The original array remains unchanged.

<h3>Is there a more efficient way to remove elements from an array if I need to do it frequently?</h3>

If you frequently need to remove elements, using an `ArrayList` is significantly more efficient. `ArrayLists` are dynamic and automatically resize when elements are added or removed, making operations like "how to remove an element from an array in Java" much simpler and faster than manually creating new arrays.

So, there you have it! A few different ways to tackle the task of how to remove an element from an array in Java. Experiment with these methods and see which one best fits your specific needs and coding style. Happy coding!

Understanding Element Removal from Java Arrays: Challenges and Considerations

Defining Arrays in Java

The Importance of Efficient Element Removal

Constraints Imposed by Arrays

Core Concepts: Manipulating Arrays in Java

Understanding Array Indices

Iteration: Looping Through Arrays

The Power of for Loops

Versatility with while Loops

Understanding Array Length

Accessing Array Length

Implications for Simulating Removal

Leveraging System.arraycopy() for "Removal"

Understanding System.arraycopy() Syntax and Parameters

Efficient Copying with System.arraycopy()

Example Implementation: Simulating Element Removal

Alternative Data Structures: When Arrays Aren't Enough

ArrayList: Dynamic Arrays for Enhanced Flexibility

Element Removal with ArrayList

When to Use ArrayList

LinkedList: Optimized for Insertion and Deletion

Element Removal with LinkedList

When to Use LinkedList

java.util.Arrays: Utility Class for Array Operations

Overview of java.util.Arrays

Relevant Methods for "Removal"

Advanced Considerations: Efficiency, Immutability, and Error Handling

Efficiency: Analyzing Removal Techniques

Comparing Methods: Time Complexity and Performance

Impact of Array Size

Immutability vs. Mutability: Balancing Performance and Data Integrity

Modifying Original Array

Creating New Arrays

Trade-offs

Error Handling: Preventing Unexpected Behavior

Index Out of Bounds

Input Validation

Debuggers: Essential Tools for Array Manipulation

Practical Examples: Removing Elements in Real-World Scenarios

Removing a Specific Element

Removing Elements Based on a Condition

Alternative approach using System.arraycopy()

Performance Benchmarks

Related Posts:

The Power of `for` Loops

Versatility with `while` Loops

Leveraging `System.arraycopy()` for "Removal"

Understanding `System.arraycopy()` Syntax and Parameters

Efficient Copying with `System.arraycopy()`

`ArrayList`: Dynamic Arrays for Enhanced Flexibility

Element Removal with `ArrayList`

When to Use `ArrayList`

`LinkedList`: Optimized for Insertion and Deletion

Element Removal with `LinkedList`

When to Use `LinkedList`

`java.util.Arrays`: Utility Class for Array Operations

Overview of `java.util.Arrays`

Alternative approach using `System.arraycopy()`